> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.e6data.com/ingestion-engine/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://docs.e6data.com/ingestion-engine/sql/functions/math.md). # Math *The e6 Ingestion Engine scalar functions are based on* [*Apache DataFusion*](https://arrow.apache.org/datafusion/) *and these docs are derived from the DataFusion function reference.* | Function | Description | Example | Result | | ------------------ | ----------------------- | ------------------- | ------------ | | `abs(x)` | Absolute value | `abs(-5)` | `5` | | `ceil(x)` | Ceiling | `ceil(4.2)` | `5` | | `floor(x)` | Floor | `floor(4.8)` | `4` | | `round(x [, d])` | Round to d places | `round(3.14159, 2)` | `3.14` | | `trunc(x [, d])` | Truncate to d places | `trunc(3.14159, 2)` | `3.14` | | `power(base, exp)` | Exponentiation | `power(2, 3)` | `8` | | `sqrt(x)` | Square root | `sqrt(16)` | `4.0` | | `cbrt(x)` | Cube root | `cbrt(27)` | `3.0` | | `exp(x)` | e^x | `exp(1)` | `2.718...` | | `ln(x)` | Natural logarithm | `ln(2.718...)` | `1.0` | | `log(base, x)` | Logarithm | `log(10, 100)` | `2.0` | | `log10(x)` | Base-10 log | `log10(100)` | `2.0` | | `log2(x)` | Base-2 log | `log2(8)` | `3.0` | | `pi()` | Pi constant | `pi()` | `3.14159...` | | `signum(x)` | Sign of number | `signum(-5)` | `-1` | | `factorial(n)` | Factorial | `factorial(5)` | `120` | | `gcd(a, b)` | Greatest common divisor | `gcd(12, 8)` | `4` | | `lcm(a, b)` | Least common multiple | `lcm(4, 6)` | `12` | | `sin(x)` | Sine | `sin(pi() / 2)` | `1.0` | | `cos(x)` | Cosine | `cos(0)` | `1.0` | | `tan(x)` | Tangent | `tan(pi() / 4)` | `1.0` | | `asin(x)` | Arc sine | `asin(1)` | `1.5707...` | | `acos(x)` | Arc cosine | `acos(1)` | `0.0` | | `atan(x)` | Arc tangent | `atan(1)` | `0.7853...` | | `degrees(x)` | Radians to degrees | `degrees(pi())` | `180.0` | | `radians(x)` | Degrees to radians | `radians(180)` | `3.14159...` | ## `abs` Returns the absolute value of a number. ``` abs(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `acos` Returns the arc cosine or inverse cosine of a number. ``` acos(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `acosh` Returns the area hyperbolic cosine or inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number. ``` acosh(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `asin` Returns the arc sine or inverse sine of a number. ``` asin(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `asinh` Returns the area hyperbolic sine or inverse hyperbolic sine of a number. ``` asinh(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `atan` Returns the arc tangent or inverse tangent of a number. ``` atan(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `atanh` Returns the area hyperbolic tangent or inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number. ``` atanh(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `atan2` Returns the arc tangent or inverse tangent of `expression_y / expression_x`. ``` atan2(expression_y, expression_x) ``` **Arguments** * **expression\_y**: First numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. * **expression\_x**: Second numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `cbrt` Returns the cube root of a number. ``` cbrt(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `ceil` Returns the nearest integer greater than or equal to a number. ``` ceil(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `cos` Returns the cosine of a number. ``` cos(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `cosh` Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number. ``` cosh(numeric_expression) ``` ## `degrees` Converts radians to degrees. ``` degrees(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `exp` Returns the base-e exponential of a number. ``` exp(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to use as the exponent. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `factorial` Factorial. Returns 1 if value is less than 2. ``` factorial(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `floor` Returns the nearest integer less than or equal to a number. ``` floor(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `gcd` Returns the greatest common divisor of `expression_x` and `expression_y`. Returns 0 if both inputs are zero. ``` gcd(expression_x, expression_y) ``` **Arguments** * **expression\_x**: First numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. * **expression\_y**: Second numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `isnan` Returns true if a given number is +NaN or -NaN otherwise returns false. ``` isnan(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `iszero` Returns true if a given number is +0.0 or -0.0 otherwise returns false. ``` iszero(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `lcm` Returns the least common multiple of `expression_x` and `expression_y`. Returns 0 if either input is zero. ``` lcm(expression_x, expression_y) ``` **Arguments** * **expression\_x**: First numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. * **expression\_y**: Second numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `ln` Returns the natural logarithm of a number. ``` ln(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `log` Returns the base-x logarithm of a number. Can either provide a specified base, or if omitted then takes the base-10 of a number. ``` log(base, numeric_expression) log(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **base**: Base numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `log10` Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number. ``` log10(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `log2` Returns the base-2 logarithm of a number. ``` log2(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `nanvl` Returns the first argument if it's not *NaN*. Returns the second argument otherwise. ``` nanvl(expression_x, expression_y) ``` **Arguments** * **expression\_x**: Numeric expression to return if it's not *NaN*. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. * **expression\_y**: Numeric expression to return if the first expression is *NaN*. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `pi` Returns an approximate value of pi. ``` pi() ``` ## `power` Returns a base expression raised to the power of an exponent. ``` power(base, exponent) ``` **Arguments** * **base**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. * **exponent**: Exponent numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. **Aliases** * pow ## `pow` *Alias of* [*power*](#power)*.* ## `radians` Converts degrees to radians. ``` radians(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `random` Returns a random float value in the range \[0, 1). The random seed is unique to each row. ``` random() ``` ## `round` Rounds a number to the nearest integer. ``` round(numeric_expression[, decimal_places]) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. * **decimal\_places**: Optional. The number of decimal places to round to. Defaults to 0. ## `signum` Returns the sign of a number. Negative numbers return `-1`. Zero and positive numbers return `1`. ``` signum(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `sin` Returns the sine of a number. ``` sin(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `sinh` Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number. ``` sinh(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `sqrt` Returns the square root of a number. ``` sqrt(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `tan` Returns the tangent of a number. ``` tan(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `tanh` Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number. ``` tanh(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `trunc` Truncates a number to a whole number or truncated to the specified decimal places. ``` trunc(numeric_expression[, decimal_places]) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. * **decimal\_places**: Optional. The number of decimal places to truncate to. Defaults to 0 (truncate to a whole number). If `decimal_places` is a positive integer, truncates digits to the right of the decimal point. If `decimal_places` is a negative integer, replaces digits to the left of the decimal point with `0`. --- # Agent Instructions This documentation is published with GitBook. GitBook is the documentation platform designed so that both humans and AI agents can read, navigate, and reason over technical content effectively. 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